Building Intellectual Property Management Capacity in Public Research Institutions in Vietnam: Current Needs and Future Directions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
TRIPS) is an international treaty, enacted in 1995, that binds all member nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to a standard level of intellectual property regulation. 1 Article 27(1) requires all member nations to provide for patents "for all inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology".2 Plants and animals, but not microorganisms, may be excluded from patentability under Article 27(3)(b).3 Developing countries were given longer transition periods to implement the necessary changes to their laws and enforcement systems since many aspects of the TRIPS system were a "considerable novelty" in countries not accustomed to implementing such broad and stringent levels of IP protection.4 Agricultural innovations may fall under a wide variety of IP protection methods covered by TRIPS, ranging from patents, copyrights, and trademarks to trade secrets.Plant innovations, by contrast, are covered primarily by patents, sui generis protection, or a combination thereof, as mandated by TRIPS.5 Patents on plants, or inventions directed to plants or plant products, are allowed in the United States and under more limited conditions in the European Union, Canada, Australia, and Japan.6 Developing countries use only sui generis
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".