Bibliographic record
Abstract
The first doctorate degrees in the geological sciences earned by Canadians were: Ph.D., Yale, 1871 by Bernard J.Harrington; Ph.D., Gottingen, 1877 by Joseph William Winthrop Spencer; Ph.D., Breslau, 1882 by Arthur P.Coleman; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, 1888 by Andrew C. Lawson; Ph.D., Heidelberg, 1892 by Frank Dawson Adams; and Ph.D., Toronto, 1900 by William A. Parks. McGill and the Geological Survey of Canada were the two institutions that most encouraged Canadians to seek graduate-level qualifications. Yale had an important influence on McGill: its Sheffield Scientific School influenced William Dawson to set up the McGill Department of Practical Science, and he appointed Harrington to be its head. In the 1860s and 1870s, the Yale school was the preeminent school in the United States for advanced study in geology and mineralogy, and the professors there encouraged many of their students to continue their studies in Germany: this advice was then taken up by McGill graduates, notably Spencer and Adams. By the 1890s graduate studies in geology had been developed to the doctorate level in many other American universities, so that travel to Germany was no longer necessary. Sommaire Les premiers diplomes de doctorat en sciences de la Terre decernes a des Canadiens sont les suivants : PhD, Yale, 1871 a Bernard J. Harrington; Ph.D., Gottingen, 1877 a Joseph William Winthrop Spencer; Ph.D., Breslau, 1882 a Arthur P. Coleman; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, 1888 a Andrew C. Lawson; Ph.D., Heidelberg, 1892 a Frank Dawson Adams; et Ph.D., Toronto, 1900 a William A. Parks. L'universite McGill ainsi que la Commission geologique du Canada sont les deux institutions qui ont le plus encourage les Canadiens a acquerir des qualifications universitaires de deuxieme cycle. L'universite Yale a eu une grande influence sur l'universite McGill - c'est l'Ecole scientifique de Sheffield (Sheffield Scientific School) qui a pousse William Dawson a creer le departement de sciences appliquees (Practical Science) de l'universite McGill, et c'est Harrington qui en a ete le premier directeur. De 1860 a 1870, l'ecole de Yale etait la plus importante ecole d'etudes avancees en geologie et en mineralogie aux Etats-Unis, et ses professeurs encourageaient plusieurs de leurs etudiants a poursuivre leurs etudes en Allemagne. Ainsi, plusieurs etudiants gradues de McGill ont suivi ce conseil, notamment Spencer et Adams. Et, vers les annees 1890, des programmes d'etudes graduees de doctorat avaient ete crees dans nombres d'universite setasuniennes, de sorte qu'il n'etait plus necessaire de s'expatrier vers l'Allemagne.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".