Dynamic changes in visual pigment composition in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: There are two visual pigment chromophores that can be employed in vertebrate retinas; 11-cis retinal and 11-cis 3,4-dehydroretinal. Altering the visual pigment chromophore results in a measurable shift in spectral absorbance of individual photoreceptors that can be used to calculate the ratio of the two chromophores. Temperature, day length, light intensity and hormones have all been found to invoke shifts in chromophore ratio. Coho salmon follow a seasonal pattern in which the visual pigment composition varies gradually with season. However, some researchers have reported measurable shifts in as little as 3 days. The aim of this work was to determine the rate of chromophore interchange in coho salmon that have been treated with thyroid hormone, and to determine if both rods and cones shift simultaneously. Conclusions: Coho salmon treated with thyroid hormone, doubled the concentration of 11-cis 3,4-dehydroretinal in their visual pigments in approximately four weeks and were capable of returning to their pretreatment ratio in only two weeks. The direction of shift in chromophores was from retinal to dehydroretinal regardless of the season and the natural direction of shift. The shift in chromophores resulted in shifts in absorbance of both rod and cones which would result in considerable alterations of both photopic and scotopic spectral sensitivity.© 2003, The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".