Lung volume reduction surgery: results of a Canadian pilot study. Canadian Lung Volume Reduction Surgery Study Group.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To present preliminary experience with lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) before the institution of the Canadian LVRS trial. DESIGN: A prospective case series between December 1995 and January 1997. SETTING: University hospitals in London and Hamilton, Ont. PATIENTS: Forty-nine patients who had disabling dyspnea or emphysema with hyperinflation, able to participate in respiratory rehabilitation. Twenty-three patients were excluded because of comorbid conditions precluding surgery, pulmonary hypertension, excessive steroid dependence, malnutrition, obesity, previous thoracotomy, large solitary bullae, concurrent malignant disease, chronic bronchitis, hypercapnia or psychiatric illness. INTERVENTIONS: Preoperative respiratory rehabilitation followed by LVRS via median sternotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Impairment, disability and handicap were assessed before and 12 months after LVRS. Impairment was assessed by changes in pulmonary function test results and blood gas measurements, disability by the 6-minute walk test and cardiopulmonary exercise test, and handicap by the disease-specific chronic respiratory disease questionnaire (CRQ), the generic medical outcomes survey short form 36 (SF-36) and the generic health utilities index mark III (HUI-III). RESULTS: Two patients died of respiratory failure while in rehabilitation. Twenty-four patients (17 men, 7 women) successfully completed rehabilitation and underwent LVRS. The mean age was 63 years (range from 49 to 78 years) and the median length of hospital stay was 12.5 days (range from 7 to 90 days). Two patients (8%) died in the early postoperative period (within 30 days) of pneumonia. One patient died of respiratory failure 8 months after LVRS after a difficult 90-day postoperative hospital stay. There were 27 major complications. There was a 36% relative increase in the mean forced expiratory volume in the first second (p = 0.01) and a 10% relative increase in the 6-minute walk test (p = 0.06). The mean CRQ dyspnea score increased 2.3 points (p = 0.01), and the SF-36 general health domain increased 20 points (p = 0.01). There was no significant change in the HUI-III (p = 0.73). CONCLUSION: LVRS appears to lessen the respiratory impairment and handicap for at least 1 year in selected patients with advanced emphysema.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".