Psychological Stress and Changes in the Intestinal Microflora Impact Memory in Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The brain‐gut axis is a regulator of intestinal physiology and psychological stress is linked to altered gut barrier function, food allergies, and altered behavior. AIM To determine the effects of Citrobacter rodentium infection, probiotics, or the absence of a gut microflora on anxiety and memory. METHODS The impact of psychological stress (1h water avoidance stress; WAS) was assessed following acute bacterial infection and in germ‐free mice. Mice were infected and anxiety and memory assessed during acute infection (10d) and post‐infection (30d). Whether daily treatment with probiotics could normalize behavior was then determined. Immunohistochemistry for brain‐derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and c‐Fos was performed. RESULTS Anxiety and memory were normal at 10d and 30d in C. rodentium ‐infected mice. However, exposure of infected mice to WAS caused memory dysfunction at 10d and 30d post enteric infection. This defect was associated with reduced levels of BDNF and c‐Fos in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Memory defects were prevented by probiotics, together with normalization of hippocampal c‐Fos. Memory was absent in germ‐free mice, irrespective of stress, in contrast to gut colonized controls. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the intestinal microbiota exert a measurable impact on memory. These findings are relevant to post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome in humans. Funding provided by CIHR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".