Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study examined the 2011 presidential election and the level of citizens’ participation in Nigeria. The study showed the preparation, challenges and the conduct of 2011 election in Nigeria with a major reference to the presidential election. The study further observed that there was an average level of citizens’ participation in the 2011 presidential poll. By embarking on comparative analysis, the participation of the electorates in the 2011 presidential election was low compared to the previous presidential elections Nigeria had in the era of fourth republic. It was revealed that incessant electoral fraud introduced into the electoral game by the politicians, loss of public confi dence and ‘do or die’ syndrome might be responsible for low level of voters’ turn out. The study also observed that the 2011 elections were just a watershed on the previous elections of the fourth republic. The study recommended that lapses of the 2011 elections should be taken care of by the INEC in order to further consolidating and deepening democracy in Nigeria. Key words : Presidential poll; Political parties; Election; Electoral fraud; Democracy Resume L’etude a examine l’election presidentielle 2011 et le niveau de participation des citoyens au Nigeria. L’etude a montre les defis de preparation, et la conduite des elections de 2011 au Nigeria avec une reference majeure pour l’election presidentielle. L’etude a egalement observe qu’il y avait un niveau moyen de la participation des citoyens au scrutin presidentielle de 2011. En s’engageant sur l’analyse comparative, la participation des electeurs a l’election presidentielle de 2011 a ete faible par rapport aux precedentes elections presidentielles au Nigeria avaient a l’epoque de la IVe Republique. Il a ete revele que la fraude electorale incessante introduit dans le jeu electoral par les politiciens, la perte de la confiance du public et ‘ne meurent ou’ syndrome pourrait etre responsable de faible niveau des electeurs tourner. L’etude a egalement observe que les elections de 2011 etaient juste un bassin versant sur les elections precedentes de la quatrieme republique. L’etude a recommande que les defaillances des elections de 2011 devraient etre pris en charge par la CENI en vue de consolider et renforcer la democratie au Nigeria. Mots cles : Election presidentielle; Les partis politiques; Des elections; La fraude electorale; La Democratie
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".