Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines Canadian diplomacy in comparative perspective with respect to the middle power model. This model, although acting as the foundation for Canada’s role in the world for the post-1945 era, came under stress in the late 1990s. On the one hand, there was acceleration away from the fixed pattern of activity through a new mode of initiatives (such as on land mines and the International Criminal Court) with an extended range of like-minded actors. On the other hand, there was a backlash to this process of shape-shifting. Conservative critics contested, in particular, the manner in which the middle power model deviated from the ‘main game’ with a concentration on the bilateral relationship vis-à-vis the US. However, they also argued that the model allowed Canada to play below its weight with an emphasis on symbolism as opposed to delivery. The article concludes that, while there continue to be some echoes of the middle power legacy, Canada has moved beyond this model as a comprehensive guide for its diplomacy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.025 | 0.023 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".