Iron and Steel Unionism in Canada and Australia, 1900-1914: The Impact of the State, Ethnicity, Management, and Locality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Compared to Canada, Australian trade union membership grew dramatically in the period from 1900 to 1914. Through a comparative analysis of two iron and steel plants in Canada and Australia, this article broadens the debate about union growth in this particular period as well as generally. One plant was located at Lithgow, New South Wales, and the other at Sydney, Nova Scotia. While workers at both plants unionized in September-October 1902, the union at the Sydney plant collapsed following a major strike in 1904. Iron and steel unionism did not revive at the Sydney plant until during World War I. With the exception of a brief period, iron and steel unionism continued at the Lithgow plant for the period under examination. This article attempts to explain why iron and steel unionism persisted at Lithgow rather than Sydney and focuses on the factors of the state, the ethnic diversity of the work force, management, and community or locality. Resume Compare au Canada, le nombre de membres des syndicats australiens s’est accru de facon dramatique dans la periode de 1900 a 1914. Par une analyse comparative de deux usines siderurgiques au Canada et en Australie, cet article permet d’elargir le debat sur la croissance des syndicats dans cette periode particuliere ainsi que de facon generale. Une usine etait situee a Lithgow, Nouvelle-Gales du Sud et l’autre a Sydney, Nouvelle-Ecosse. Bien que les travailleurs des deux usines se soient syndiques en septembre-octobre 1902, le syndicat de l’usine de Sydney s’effondra a la suite d’une grande greve en 1904. Le syndicalisme ne put se reaffirmer a l’usine de Sydney avant la premiere Guerre Mondiale. A l’usine de Lithgow au contraire, le syndicalisme s’est maintenu durant la periode faisant l’objet de l’etude, a l’exception d’un bref moment. Cet article essaie d’expliquer pourquoi le syndicalisme a persiste a Lithgow plutot qu’a Sydney et se concentre sur les facteurs comme l’Etat, la diversite ethnique de la main-d’œuvre, l’administration patronale, la communaute et la localite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".