Ketofol versus fentofol as induction agents for endotracheal intubation in emergency room
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To compare the effectiveness of Propofol plus Ketamine and Propofol plus Fentanyl as Procedural Sedation and Analgesia for Endotracheal Intubation in Emergency Department. The study was a randomized, double blinded study conducted between April 2014 and September 2014 in our Tertiary care Research Institute and Hospital. All Patients presenting to Emergency Department in need of Endotracheal Intubation were included in the study. The drugs used as Induction agents for Endotracheal Intubation were randomly numbered in Pre-filled syringes every day. Propofol was given in a dose 1.5 mg/kg (100 mg) for all patients in study population. Ketamine at 1 mg /kg (Group A) and Fentanyl at 1 µg/kg (Group B) were numbered and kept in 10 ml Prefilled syringes, either one of which was administered along with Propofol. The primary outcomes were based on the Sedation level using the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) and adverse respiratory events based on Quebec Criteria. Secondary outcomes were based on Hypotension, Cormack Lehane Grading, gag reflex, successful attempts at Intubation, oral and tracheobroncheal secretions, sedation time, procedure time, recovery time, recovery agitation and Optic nerve sheath diameter. Patients with Cardio-respiratory arrest, age less than 18 years, head injury, glaucoma, hypotension, evidence of raised ICP and failure to give consent were excluded from the study. A total of 286 patients were eligible for the study, of which 104 were included. 54 patients were randomized to Group A (Propofol plus Ketamine) and 50 patients were randomized to Group B (Propofol plus Fentanyl). RSS of ≥ 5 was considered adequate. 45 (83.33%) patients in Group A and 39 (78%) patients in Group B had adequate sedation. Overall Incidence of Adverse respiratory events was less in Group A with 9 (9.25%) patients compared with Group B with 16 (32%) patients. Secondary outcome criteria had minimal statistically significant difference, especially reduced incidence of hypotension in Group A compared to Group B. Ketofol provided better analgesia & sedation, lesser adverse respiratory events and reduced incidence of post-induction hypotension compared to Fentofol, as an induction agent for endotracheal Intubation among patients in our Emergency Department.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".