Bibliographic record
Abstract
Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws phase in teenage driving privileges during the course of 2 or more years. The laws promise to take control of the early driving experience and to reduce significantly the death toll from crashes that involve young drivers. States began to enact GDL laws in 1996 based on similar laws enacted since 1994 in Canada and New Zealand. At recent count, 31 states and the District of Columbia had passed full-scale graduated licensing laws. About a dozen others have enacted piecemeal GDL laws. The following is an optimal three-stage GDL system, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The minimum age for a learner's permit is 16. This first stage lasts at least 6 months, during which parents are required to certify that they have provided at least 30-50 hours of supervised driving. An intermediate stage lasts until at least age 18 and includes both a nighttime driving restriction, under which a licensed adult must be in the vehicle beginning at 9-10 p.m., and a teenage passenger restriction, under which none or one are allowed, except family members, without the presence of a licensed driver aged 21 or older. Full, unrestricted driving privileges are allowed after that. Polls of parents in Florida, Connecticut, and Michigan, and of many teenagers themselves, turned up wide support for GDL laws. A table outlines licensing systems for young drivers by state.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.033 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".