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Record W1531792676 · doi:10.4271/2003-01-2093

History of Ice Protection System Design at Bell Helicopter

2003· article· en· W1531792676 on OpenAlexfundaboutno aff
Roger J. Aubert

Bibliographic record

VenueSAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · 2003
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicIcing and De-icing Technologies
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersMinistère de la Défense NationaleNational Aeronautics and Space Administration
KeywordsComputer scienceAstrobiologyMarine engineeringAerospace engineeringAeronauticsEngineeringPhysics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

<div class="htmlview paragraph">At the 1972 International Helicopter Ice Protection Conference it was noted that “New York Airways is shut down an average of one day/month in the winter due to forecast icing,” that “The Canadian Navy finds its operations restricted by 25 percent of the time off the coast of Nova Scotia in the winter,” and “approximately 7 percent of the helicopter training flights in the United Kingdom are curtailed due to forecast icing,”. This is quite significant, especially for low altitude rotorcrafts. Bell Helicopter manufactures and offers a wide range of helicopter models and Tiltrotors. Bell Helicopter has accumulated a large database of experience in research, design and development of ice protection systems for rotorcraft. All Bell Helicopter commercial models propulsion systems and most of the military models are certified/qualified for operation in icing. The model 412 and 214ST have also been tested at the NRC spray rig, behind the Helicopter Icing Spray System (HISS) and in natural conditions. The V-22 Tiltrotor has been tested behind the HISS, the NKC-135 icing spray tanker and natural conditions. The Bell/Agusta BA609 is following the tradition of rigorous testing set by the previous programs in its process of full FAA icing certification. This paper summarizes the many Bell Helicopter icing projects conducted throughout the years through flight test on helicopters as well as analytical and model testing research.</div>

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.886
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.019
GPT teacher head0.204
Teacher spread0.185 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations10
Published2003
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

Explore more

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