Correlating retinal function with melatonin secretion in subjects with an early or late circadian phase.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Evaluate the diurnal variation of retinal function, as measured with the electroretinogram (ERG), in subjects with an early (morning type: M-type) or a late (evening type: E-type) circadian phase. METHODS: Subjects (n = 24) were recruited according to their scores on a Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire assessing preferences in, e.g., bedtime, waketime, and timing of performance. ERG testing was performed twice on each subject, at 22:30 and at 08:00. Luminance-response functions were obtained in scotopic (blue flashes) and in photopic conditions (white, blue, green, and red flashes). Salivary melatonin samples were taken every half-hour from 20:30 to 00:00 and from 06:30 to 09:30. RESULTS: In scotopic conditions, both groups had lower ERG amplitudes and retinal sensitivity at 08:00. In photopic conditions, the two groups showed an opposite pattern of diurnal variations. The E-types demonstrated a significant reduction in ERG amplitudes at 08:00, whereas the M-types showed an increase in amplitude at the same time. In addition, negative correlations were found between both the cone ERG and mixed rod-cone ERG and the concentration of salivary melatonin, indicating that the ERG amplitude is lowest when melatonin concentration is highest. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in scotopic ERG responses at 08:00 seen in both groups might be due to the peak of rod disc shedding that takes place, in some mammals, at around light onset. The strong correlation between the cone ERG and salivary melatonin could be attributable to a direct effect of retinal melatonin on the physiology of cones or of the circadian phase of the subjects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".