Coincident particle and optical observations of nightside subauroral proton precipitation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report two instances of nightside subauroral proton precipitation observed during a geomagnetic storm: (1) An arc at 蝶 50° magnetic latitude (MLAT), which extended roughly from midnight to 6 magnetic local time (MLT), and (2) A corotating spot at 51.5° MLAT, postmidnight. The proton precipitation was observed by both the IMAGE SI‐12 proton aurora (Doppler‐shifted Lyman‐ α ) imager, and low‐altitude Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POESs) that serendipitously traversed both the arc and the spot, providing in situ particle measurements. The Lyman‐alpha emission and the particle observations match closely. The particle measurements showed that the energies of the precipitating protons extended to several hundred keV, but no enhancements in the protons below 20 keV were observed. Cluster observations showed that the ring current contained protons with energies extending from tens of eV to several hundred keV; thus, the particles are scattered into the atmosphere from an existing reservoir. Outside the luminous regions, but at the same magnetic latitude, the POES satellites observed localized regions with enhanced proton fluxes outside, but close to, the loss cone. This shows that the protons along a large region in MLT are subjected to pitch angle scattering. Model calculations of the plasmasphere show that the arc and the proton precipitation are located just inside the plasmapause. The intensity and longitudinal extension of the arc are modulated by the dynamical pressure in the solar wind. In the dusk sector, ground stations recorded electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves associated with localized proton precipitation just inside the plasmapause. This suggests that the proton precipitation is caused by wave/particle interaction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".