Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms in Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons with Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background: Our objective was to describe the frequency of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in community-dwelling elderly adults with cognitive impairment and to determine whether these symptoms and behaviours assemble into distinct, clinically relevant categories. Methods: BPSD were measured using the Dysfunctional Behaviour Rating Instrument (DBRI). Principal components analysis was used to detect effects in caregiver responses in the DBRI. Results: The DBRI was scored on 921 patients. The frequency of individual BPSD ranged from 20% (spouse not spouse) to 83% (repeating questions). The frequency of BPSD increased with decline in cognitive function. Behaviours sorted into five broad domains: Anger, Delusions/Paranoia, Withdrawn/Wandering, Agitation, and Repetitive Behaviours. Conclusions: BPSD are common in community-dwelling elderly persons with memory loss and may be aggregated into distinct, clinically relevant categories.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".