Bibliographic record
Abstract
Control of genital ulcer disease (GUD) has become an important public health priority. Ulcerative lesions may produce significant local genital pain, some pathogens may be transmitted from mothers to their infants, and genital lesions increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition and transmission during sexual intercourse. Table 61.1 lists the infectious and noninfectious etiologies that may produce genital ulcerations with or without adenopathy. The most common sexually transmitted etiologies of GUD include syphilis, which is caused by Treponema pallidum ; genital herpes caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV) 1 and 2; chancroid, caused by Hemophilus ducreyi ; lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), caused by the L1, L2, and L3 serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis ; and granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis . Trauma, erosive balanitis, and fixed-drug eruptions are the most common nontransmissible causes of GUD. Neoplasia, fungi, and mycobacteria should be excluded by biopsy if the ulcer persists. Because of the limitations of diagnostic tests, a specific diagnosis is obtained in about 80% of patients. Considerable geographic variation exists in the etiology and prevalence of GUD (Table 61.2). In Europe and North America, fewer than 10% of patients present to sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics with a genital ulcer compared with 20% to 40% of patients presenting to these clinics in Africa and Asia. HSV is the most common cause of genital ulcerations in Europe and North America, whereas chancroid has been the most common cause of genital ulcerations in regions of Africa and Asia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.041 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".