Vascular and Autonomic Function in Preschool-aged Children with Congenital Heart Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare indices of vascular health and heart rate variability in preschool-aged children with repaired congenital heart disease (CHD) including tetralogy of Fallot (n = 6) and coarctation of the aorta (n = 6). DESIGN: A cross-sectional study design was used. All measures were noninvasive and collected over a single testing session under the supervision of a parent/guardian. SETTING: Data collection took place in a quiet, temperature-controlled room (23°± 1°C) with the participant in a supine position. PATIENTS: Twelve (six females, six males) preschool-aged children with repaired CHD (CHD: 4 ± 1 years) and 12 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (CON: 5 ± 1 years) participated in the study. OUTCOME MEASURES: Supine, resting measures of heart rate variability (time, frequency, and nonlinear domains), whole-body pulse wave velocity (ventricular depolarization to dorsalis pedis artery), brachial blood pressures, and carotid artery distensibility, lumen diameter, intima-media thickness, and wall/lumen ratio were collected in both groups. RESULTS: The groups were similar in age, height, and weight; however, CON had significantly higher body mass index values (CON: 16.9 ± 2.2, CHD: 15.1 ± 1.0, P < .05) and body mass index percentiles (CON: 69 ± 27%tile, CHD: 36 ± 24%tile, P < .01) compared to CHD. No group differences were found for resting brachial blood pressures, whole-body pulse wave velocity, heart rate variability, and carotid artery distensibility, lumen diameter, and intima-media thickness (P > .05). Carotid artery pulse pressures (CHD: 38 ± 6 mm Hg, CON: 31 ± 6 mm Hg, P < .05) and wall/lumen ratios (CHD: 0.091 ± 0.007, CON: 0.085 ± 0.006, P < .01) were significantly higher in the CHD group. CONCLUSIONS: These results may indicate that preschool-aged children with repaired CHD display early signs of vascular remodeling, but not autonomic or vascular dysfunction. The effects of larger wall/lumen ratios on cardiovascular disease risk require further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".