A Practical Criterion for the Rapid Detection of Single‐Loop and Double‐Loop Reentry Tachycardias
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Entrainment criteria for the diagnosis of reentrant atrial tachycardia can be difficult to apply and cannot detect double-loop reentry. We sought to develop and clinically test a new criterion for the diagnosis of single- and double-loop reentry. METHODS AND RESULTS: (1) Proposed criterion: after sequential overdrive pacing at 2 different locations and assessing the first ensuing beats of tachycardia, the difference in activation time recorded between 2 appropriate stationary positions changes by 1 or 2 tachycardia cycle lengths; a change of 2 tachycardia cycle lengths usually indicates double-loop reentry rather than only a single-loop. (2) Clinical testing: multiple overdrive pacing maneuvers were undertaken and analyzed in 5 patients with common flutter (single-loop reentry). In total, 23 pairs of overdrive pacing maneuvers were performed using electrodes in the coronary sinus and a distribution of positions in the right atrium. In 22/23 pairs of maneuvers, the change in Activation Difference was within 2.6 ± 12.4 milliseconds of the tachycardia cycle length, confirming single loop reentry. For double-loop reentry, the literature was reviewed and 3 cases of double-loop reentry were identified with sufficient data. In all of these cases, double-loop reentry was detected and also the zone containing the common isthmus was identified. CONCLUSION: The proposed criterion can diagnose single- and double-loop reentry atrial tachycardia using intracardiac recordings from any pair of well separated positions. The criterion does not require precise electrode placement or extensive activation mapping.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".