Formation of De Geer Moraines Deposited Subglacially, Central Québec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a model for the genesis of De Geer moraines in the Chapais and Radisson areas, Québec. The model is mainly based on faciès and deformation structure analysis. Three facies associations have been identified: (1) sorted sediments that form foreset laminations dipping downglacier. Till lenses or glacial diamictons are found within the sorted sediments or form a surficial layer on the proximal side of the sections; (2) a non-fissile and poorly compacted till overlies and deforms sorted sediments. Laminae of finely sorted sediments may be incorporated in the till; (3) a fissile and compact till commonly lies on the basal till sheet. All three facies associations feature deformation structures (faults, folds, load and drag structures) which indicate an upglacier origin. The model proposed is an emplacement of De Geer moraines in bottom crevasses by an active glacier. In areas where meltwaters were channelized, sediments accumulated in the crevasses as foreset laminations. Till filled the crevasses in areas remote from meltwater flow. Glacial activity remobilized the basal till locally and pushed it toward bottom crevasses located downglacier, or overturned large layers of till. Finally, in areas located even further laterally, meltwaters had almost no effect and the moraines were formed by plastering of till in the crevasses. The three faciès associations are part of a continuum beginning with the moraines composed of sorted sediments and grading laterally into the moraines formed of fissile and compact till. This continuum is described for the first time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".