Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract One of the salient features of international migration during the period from the end of World War II to the present is its very close relationship with labor markets, in both receiving and sending countries. Entirely new work‐related categories of immigrants have emerged during that period, such as theGastarbeitersin Germany, theouvriers immigrésin France, and the various flows of temporary farm laborers in the United States and Canada. Migration has always been strongly influenced by labor demand and supply, of course, but never to the extent of the recent past. The great migration flows that preceded this era were more often the product of political, religious, or demographic forces rather than primarily motivated by labor‐market considerations. These include the large flows of religious dissenters foundational to the United States in its early history, and the sporadic but often massive movements of political refugees throughout the world (including postrevolutionaryémigrésfrom France, Loyalists into Canada, colonists throughout the New World who often fled or were relocated there for political reasons, and so on). One of the largest population transfers the world has ever known – the forced migration of African slaves to the Americas and Europe – was a vast trade of forced labor, but even this particular process stands far apart from the current labor‐centric context: it was perceived and treated more as an exchange of “goods” than a migration flow involving social and cultural dimensions. Only later did the descendants of the African slave trade slowly become part of the social fabric of the societies they were forcibly relocated to, often after bitter conflicts that profoundly marked the societies confronted with the humanity of their former chattels.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.156 | 0.031 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".