Bibliographic record
Abstract
The technological revolution of 19th century transformed every trade and area of manufacture. Nowhere were changes wrought by application of new machinery and techniques more extensive than in United States, which was by end of century firmly established as world's technological frontier. This work is a source of reference on industrial production in last quarter of 19th century. Written to satisfy the desire upon part of every skilled man to know something of character and pursuits of his fellow-men in every other art of importance, it details techniques, processes and machinery employed in more than 150 countries. The breadth of coverage demonstrates extent of transformation with every sector of economy undergoing fundamental change: agriculture, with extensive coverage of mechanization of farming; transport, not only with coming of railroads, but with constant improvement in carriage manufacture; communications, including development of telegraph and innovations in printing industry; manufacturing, from furniture to emerging chemical industries; defence industry; public and social services with a host of innovations from steam-driven fire engines to improvements in manufacture of artificial limbs. Extensively illustrated throughout, each section includes an overview of technology prevalent in that branch of industry and an outline of most recent innovations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".