Evidence that flow mediated dilation dynamics differ in smokers versus non‐smokers: a pilot study (677.6)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Endothelial function is impaired in smokers as measured via handgrip exercise (HGEX) induced flow mediated dilation (FMD). The goal of this pilot study was to determine whether the dilation and reconstriction dynamics of FMD were impaired in young male smokers. 8 smokers and 14 non smokers (age 21 ± 2) performed 10 minutes of rhythmic HGEX bracketed by 4 minutes of arterial compression to ensure rapid shear stress onset and return to baseline. Brachial artery diameter and blood velocity assessed via echo and Doppler ultrasound. Shear stress estimated as shear rate (SR = brachial artery blood velocity/diameter). Dynamic parameters: time to onset of dilation and reconstriction (TD1); rate of dilation and reconstriction(Tau1). Alpha set at P<0.1, data ± SD. SR stimulus did not differ between groups(p=0.60). TD1 of dilation was longer in smokers (29.7 ± 17.0 s) vs. non smokers (17.5 ± 11.9 s)(p=0.06), and Tau1 was faster among smokers (27.5 ± 9.5 s vs. 48.6 ± 32.4 s, p = 0.09). Constriction dynamics were not different between groups (p>0.1). Among smokers, dilation tau1 was faster than reconstriction tau1(27.5 ± 9.5 s vs. 72.3 ± 56.4 s, p=0.06), whereas there were no differences between onset and constriction dynamics among non‐smokers (p=0.43). These results suggest that smoking impacts the dynamics of the vascular response to shear stress with a preferential impact on dilation vs. reconstriction. Grant Funding Source : Supported by NSERC and CFI
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".