Bats as pollinators: foraging energetics and floral adaptations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bat pollination is a pan-tropical phenomenon, performed in the Old World by small megachiropterans (Pteropodidae) and in the New World by microchiropterans of the leaf-nosed bat family Phyllostomidae (Dobat 1985). Flower-visiting bat species total about 50 worldwide, while Dobat (1985) listed about 750 bat-pollinated plant species in 270 genera (590 for the Neo- and 160 for the Palaeotropics). Since then, many more cases have been found. Although plants independently enlisted “megabats” and “microbats” as pollinators, it is likely that both systems have links to one common root: pollination by ancient, nocturnal, non-flying mammals dating to the late Cretaceous (Sussman & Raven 1978). The extinction of most of these early mammalian flower visitors coincided with the radiation of bats from the Eocene onward in the Old World, and during the Miocene in South America (Sussman & Raven 1978). Genera like Parkia may have developed mammal pollination before the separation of African and South American plates; they still retain this trait (Vogel 1969, 1980). Of the plant species found to attract bats today, however, the vast majority evolved their adaptative traits more recently (Vogel 1990). In the Neotropics, it is useful to consider a continuum ranging from less specialized “fruit-bat” flowers to true “glossophagine” flowers (von Helversen 1993; cf. Johnson & Steiner 2000). For Costa Rica, we estimate that two-thirds of the bat-pollinated plant species are glossophagine specialists.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".