Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of water samples with millijoule pulse energies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary form only given, as follows. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a rapid technique for characterization of the elemental composition of samples, based on ionizing a small sample of material using a short laser pulse and observing the characteristic line emission of the material's constituents. A study is being carried out of the application of LIBS to the measurement of contaminants in water using 10 nanosecond 355 nm pulses from a Nd:YAG laser. The experiments employ pulse energies from 1-50 mJ, lower than the pulse energies that have been traditionally used in LIBS studies of liquids. However, these energies can easily produce focal spot intensities on the order of 10/sup 10/ Wcm/sup -2/ as required to exceed the breakdown threshold of the surface of water. The extension of LIBS to lower energy regimes will improve the industrial applicability of the technique, as lower cost higher repetition rate laser systems can be employed in this case.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".