Bibliographic record
Abstract
Clinical lore links puberty with the onset of schizophrenia, but few empirical studies exist to connect the two events. One hypothesis is that a central nervous system protective role for female hormones, especially estrogens, may underlie such a relationship. In this chapter we describe our own empirical observations, discuss possible interpretations, note the limitations of each, and suggest some directions for future research. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a major psychotic disorder that affects approximately one percent of the adult population worldwide (Warner and de Girolamo, 1995); the impact of the disease is considerable, for society and for the individual. In the United States, for example, patients with schizophrenia occupy approximately 25 percent of hospital beds (Eaton, 1991). For the individual, schizophrenia presents with symptoms that make all aspects of life difficult. Active psychotic symptoms include hallucinations in various sensory domains, mainly auditory. Also characteristic are delusions or false beliefs, usually of a persecutory nature. Schizophrenia often leaves thought, speech, and behavior disorganized. Perhaps more problematic are deficit or negative symptoms, such as apathy, lack of motivation, loss of previous pleasures and interests, and a tendency toward social isolation. Increasingly, investigators have recognized that even more fundamental symptoms are cognitive, such as attentional problems, memory problems, and difficulties with reasoning. Clinical presentations are heterogeneous; the exact constellation of symptoms varies among individuals, within individuals, and changes over time (Liddle, 1999).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".