Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human trichomoniasis caused by protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted urogenital disease with more than 180 million cases annually worldwide. Annual incidence varies between 0-65 percent depending upon different geographical locations, age groups and population studied. In North America and Canada, more than 8 million new cases are reported annually, with an estimated rate of asymptomatic cases as high as 50 percent (Sobel, 2005). The number may be underestimated as symptomatic patients may be underdiagnosed because of insensitive wet mount procedure and most of the infected subjects remain asymptomatic, thus are not being reported (Petrin et al, 1998). Recent review on Global epidemiology in high risk populations and control of T.vaginalis has highlighed that the burden of infection is found in resourcelimited settings and high risk groups in industrialized settings. The World Health Organization estimated global prevalence figures are based on a wet mount microscopy (sensitivity range of 60-80%), however recent data, using PCR suggests sensitivity may be lower (35-60%), thus underestimating global prevalence (Johnston and Mabey, 2008) In India, hospital based studies reveal 4-10 percent positivity in symptomatic women attending gynaecology clinics and almost similar percentage in asymptomatic women attending infertility, post-natal and family planning clinics (Sharma et al, 1988; Malla et al, 1989; Divekar et al, 2000; Vishwanath et al, 2000;Valadkhani et al, 2003; Chakraborty et al, 2005; Yadav et al, 2006). The significantly higher percentage has been observed amongst contraceptive users (7.31%), antenatal patients (7.59%) and women with gynaecological disorders (9.21%) compared to postnatal (3.62%) and infertile woman (2.83%) (Sharma et al, 1988). The association of infection with contraceptive practices indicates controversial figures. Lazer (1970) found an increase, McLellan et al (1982) found no such correlation while Krieger et al (1985) found prevalence to be less amongst women using oral contraceptive and Sharma et al (1988) found barrier contraceptive to be protective. This observation and the tendency for symptomatic disease to occur during menstrual periods, suggests a hormonal component to the susceptibility. In contrast, Demes et al (1988) reported fewer parasites in vaginas of infected women during menstruation, suggesting trichomonacidal effect of menstrual blood complement in-vivo and survival of parasites during menstrual bleeding has been explained by the existence of subpopulations of
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".