A way of life that does not exist: Canada and the extinguishment of the Innu
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based on extensive historical research and fieldwork in Labrador over many years, A Way of Life that Does Not Exist brings to light the scale of the tragedies that have overtaken the Innu as the Canadian state, pursuing the policy of assimilation, has sought to extinguish both their uniqueness and their right to the land. In the 1950s and the 1960s the Innu people were prompted by the Canadian authorities to abandon nomadic hunting, the way of life that had made them independent and self-reliant occupants of a vast area of the Sub-Arctic. After they were settled in government-built villages, there was a marked deterioration in the health and vitality of the people. This resulted in the creation of a way of life - neither Innu nor Canadian - 'that does not exist', and it precipitated some of the highest suicide rates in the world, epidemics of gas-sniffing among children, and widespread alcoholism. The scale of the tragedy has attracted many national headlines and continues to give rise to international human rights concerns. Colin Samson looks in detail at Innu relations with the Canadian state, developers, explorers, missionaries, educators, health-care professionals, and the justice system. Although the Innu have lost land and lives in the attempts to assimilate them, Samson demonstrates that many have also resisted the official state policy of extinguishment through both political channels and by maintaining a resilient belief in their distinctiveness and their attachment to the land.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.082 | 0.030 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".