Disputed Election Results: A More Rigorous "Magic Number Test"
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Gore v Bush disputed election case brought the questioning of the accuracy of election procedures into international news and the minds ofelectors worldwide. In addition to this notorious case, there have been a number of disputed election results in recent years each generating extensive public interest and forcing the judiciary into difficult and split decisions having wide ranging policy and constitutional implications. Elections are the pillar of democratic societies and in order for citizens and societies to have faith in their system of government, elections must be transparent, accurate and binding. In many nations, including Canada, the democratic process is enshrined in their constitution, regardless of whether it is written or unwritten, codified or not.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.239 | 0.622 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.036 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.039 |
| Open science | 0.009 | 0.012 |
| Research integrity | 0.013 | 0.019 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".