DOES REMITTANCES FINANCE WELFARE DEVELOPMENT?: EVIDENCE FROM THE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLAND NATION OF FIJI
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Remittances to developing nations have become an important source of income to finance the recipient households? livelihoods, where changes in expenditure patterns, consumption and savings-investment nexus for long term development lead to improve in wellbeing. The Pacific Islands have also seen to a significant rise in remittances and it has become a steady source of foreign exchange earnings. The island nations have a sizeable migration flow to Australia, New Zealand, the United States and United Kingdom as well as to other Pacific islands. A large number of emigrants from Fiji also migrate to Canada. More recently, remittances form a substantial flow through temporary labour schemes. Fiji?s rising migrant stock has seen remittances as the second largest foreign exchange earner after tourism surpassing other foreign capital flows of foreign aid, foreign direct investment as well as earnings from major commodity exports. It has large off-shore labour markets through specific employment abroad for teachers, nurses, care takers, sports personnel, military personnel and security officers in Australia, New Zealand, Dubai, United Kingdom, Middle East and the United Nations peace keeping force in the conflict-laden countries. The link between remittances and expenditure patterns has become an important nexus in the global welfare development framework. By increasing income of the recipient households?, remittances have gained impetus in the development agenda for its contribution to individual welfare through a range of consumption goods, entrepreneurial small and medium scale business and poverty reduction. Remittances impact on households? welfare shows that this financial inflow has been used for consumer durable and non-durable goods, food, housing, savings, investment and developing human capital, i.e., schooling and health outcomes. Its eventual developmental impact depends on the sustainability and what categories of consumption and innovative investment expenditures the households spend remittances on. This study examines the impact of remittances on welfare development in Fiji using the household income and expenditure survey 2002-03 dataset for 5, 245 households. Expenditure patterns of the households are estimated for various categories and further disaggregated by ethnicity, i.e. Fijian and Indo-Fijian households. The results provide some implications for social financing for wellbeing and note the empowering and visionary opportunities of remittances to be part of development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".