Estrogen supplementation in men increases serum C‐reactive protein concentration before, during and after moderate intensity endurance exercise
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plasma C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentration, a marker of systemic inflammation, has been shown to be higher in women versus men. We investigated the effect of estrogen (ES) supplementation and moderate intensity endurance exercise in men on serum CRP concentrations. In a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, cross‐over design, we measured CRP concentration in 10 men after eight days of either ES supplementation (2 mg 17‐β estradiol/day) or placebo (PL, polycose) prior to, during and following 90 min of cycling at an intensity of 65% VO 2 max. Following a two‐week washout period, the subjects repeated the test after eight days on the alternate treatment. Serum was collected before (0 min), 60 and 90 min during and 2 h after cycling in the postabsorptive state. Subjects maintained similar eating habits and physical activity during both arms of the study. ES supplementation increased serum CRP at all time points by 34–69% as compared with PL (P < 0.001). For PL, CRP at 90 min of exercise was lower than at 0 min (17%, P = 0.066), 60 min (20%, P = 0.013) and 2 h post exercise (18%, P = 0.047). For ES, CRP at 60 min was higher than at 0 min (18%, P = 0.004) and 90 min (11%, P = 0.087) of cycling. We conclude that ES supplementation in men increases CRP concentration, a marker of systemic inflammation, by an average of 50%. In addition, the data suggest that changes in serum CRP during moderate intensity endurance exercise is influenced by sex hormones. (Supported by the Hamilton Health Sciences Foundation, NSERC Canada and National Institute of Nutrition)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".