Bibliographic record
Abstract
The development of cardiovascular diseases is characterized by the loss of structural integrity of blood vessels that requires extensive remodeling of the extra-cellular matrix (Michel et al., 2011; Garcia-Touchard et al., 2005). The entire aorta and some medium-sized arteries have elastic properties and mechanical strength allowing these vessels to withstand a surge of blood ejected from the heart. Such properties of blood vessels are contributed mostly by two major components of the extracellular matrix: elastin and collagen (Barbour et al., 2007; Wagenseil & Mecham, 2009; Sawabe, 2010). Elastin fibers are responsible for the elastic properties and collagen fibers provide mechanical strength to the arterial wall (Arteaga-Solis et al., 2000). These two proteins have a fibrillar structure and in their mature forms are very resistant to proteolysis. Thus elastin has a half-life around 50 years (Wagenseil & Mecham, 2009). However in some pathological conditions, excessive proteolytic activity results in extracellular matrix breakdown that is a key factor of arterial wall damage and the development of potential rupture. Sites of atherosclerotic and aneurysmatic lesions are characterized by increased elastoand collagenolytic activity (Diehm et al., 2007; Shimizu et al., 2006; Barbour et al., 2007; Sukhova et al., 1998). The dominant histological feature of aneurysmatic lesions is a chronic medial and adventitial inflammation resulting in medial degeneration and smooth muscle cell apoptosis. One of the most important contributors to aneurysmatic degeneration is an excessive loss of extracellular matrix. Fragmentation of elastin and collagen fibers is a characteristic feature of aneurysm formation and their loss is the ultimate cause of aneurysmatic rupture as well as rupture of atherosclerotic plaques (Shimizu et al., 2006; Sakalihasan et al., 2005; Diehm et al., 2007). Recently it has been shown that together with some matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsin K, L and S are the primary proteolytic culprits responsible for the breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins in blood vessels (Abdul-Hussien et al., 2010; Rizas et al., 2009; Sukhova & Shi, 2006). Cysteine proteinases cathepsin K, L and S belong to the most potent elastoand/or collagenolytic proteinases with potent abilities to degrade extracellular matrix. These enzymes attracted attention due to their upregulation within the aortic wall under different pathological conditions (Lutgens et al., 2007; Lafarge et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2004). Their expression was revealed in macrophages, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells in atherosclerotic and aneurismal lesions in humans. These results instigated a series of studies on the involvement of cathepsin K, L and S in the development of cardiovascular diseases based on animal models of atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".