Holocene soils/paleosols in the okstindan mountains, nordland: stratigraphy and extractable fe and al
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractA chronosequence of surface and buried soils in moraines and outwash, ranging in age from iddle to ate olocene, i.e., Little Ice Age, and forming under alpine and subalpine vegetation in the kstindan ountains of central‐north orway (66o ) (ksskolten) was studied to determine if topographic/stratigraphic setting, weathering characteristics, soil/paleosol properties, / analysis, and extractable and could be used to elucidate information on paleoenvironment and age. The geochemical data previously published and geological mapping by the orwegian eological urvey indicate a uniform parent material in these profiles. Slight geochemical anomalies of higher , h and r in organic‐rich horizons are related to vegetation and/or higher water content at various times, confirmed by extractable evidence. The data interpretation also shows that extractable , principally o, is useful in identifying previous perched water tables, possibly generated by permafrost. The activity ratio of o/d (oxalate to dithionite) and the ratio d/t (dithionite to total ) appear useful in distinguishing older from younger soils on the basis of the conversion of ferrihydrite to goethite+hematite. Pyrophosphate extracts, proved useful in determining movement of organically bound , and showed a pronounced difference between the alpine and subalpine environments. Oxalate‐extractable and dithionite‐extractable proved of little value in relative age determination, presumably because sodium dithionite does not extract all crystalline .Key words: Little Ice AgeOkstindan soil morphogenesisSEM microweathering AcknowledgementsThis research was funded by Quaternary Surveys, Toronto. We thank R. Sjoberg (Umea University) for introducing WCM to the site and for many helpful discussions. We are indebted to Steve Ellis (Hull University) and an anonymous reviewer for critical reviews of the manuscript which greatly improved it.Additional informationNotes on contributorsWilliam C. MahaneyWilliam C. Mahaney, Quaternary Surveys, 26 Thornhill Ave., Thornhill, Ontario, Canada L4J 1J4 and Department of Geography, York University, 4700 Keele St., North York, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3R.G.v. HancockR.G.V. Hancock, Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, and Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".