Tamoxifen Resistant Breast Cancer and Autophagy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tamoxifen was originally developed with the hope of becoming a "morning after" contraceptive. During the 1960s, studies showed that tamoxifen and other anti-estrogens have a profound impact on the fertility of laboratory rats and it was believed that tamoxifen could elicit the same effects in humans. Coincidently, in humans, anti-estrogens were found to improve fertility by inducing ovulation The use of tamoxifen for the treatment of breast cancer became apparent when early in vitro and in vivo studies found that tamoxifen inhibited estradiol (E2) binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) in breast tissue The inhibition of ERs proved to be a significant finding as the estrogen-stimulated growth and the ovarian dependence of some breast cancers had been known since the later part of the eighteenth century Prior to the 1970s, and the successful development of drug-based endocrine therapies, attempts to reduce estrogen-stimulated growth of breast cancer include the surgical removal of the ovaries and/or pituitary and adrenal glands Unfortunately, for years it was not known which breast tumors would respond favorably to ablative surgery, where only 30% of patients would receive a benefit By examining proteins from breast tumor biopsies, Fortunately today, endocrine-based surgical procedures for breast cancer are not necessary for most women as drug-based endocrine therapies have advanced with the use of estrogen antagonists and aromatase inhibitors. Estrogen antagonists, such as tamoxifen or fulvestrant competitively inhibit estrogen binding to ERs. Aromatase inhibitors prevent estrogen production, by inhibiting the aromatase class of enzymes, impeding the conversion of androgens to estrogens and thus reducing the bioavailability of estrogen hormones Currently tamoxifen is typically used as an adjuvant treatment option for early and advanced ER-positive (ER + ) breast cancer in pre-and post-menopausal women Adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen, has significantly improved disease-free survival and reduced the number of deaths from breast cancer Tamoxifen may also be used in the neoadjuvant setting and as a www.intechopen.com
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".