Weapons, Fortification and Military Art of the Volga Bulgaria in the 10th – the First Third of the 13th Centuries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The relevance of the research is determined by the significant role of wars in the history of medieval societies of Eurasia. Wars accelerated or retarded the development of the countries and influenced their historical destiny. Medieval army has always been closely connected with the social development of society and depended on the level of economic, social, political and cultural development of different countries. Troops, military structure and weapons are the most important indicator of the development of the medieval society. The aim of the article is to study weapons and military art of the Volga Bulgaria which was one of the largest countries in the Eastern Europe in the 10th – 13th centuries. The main method of the research is the integrated approach based on the study of archaeological and narrative sources. The study revealed and systematized weapons from archaeological sites and leading museums of Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Helsinki, etc. We also identified the chronology and the dynamics of the development of these weapons. The analysis of the weapons and protective clothing allowed to reconstruct the weapon system and to prove that the knight weapons played the main role. The comparison of the dynamics of the weapon evolution with the data of narrative sources revealed the structure of the military organization of Bulgaria, the military terminology and the number of troops. We analyzed the battlefield tactics and the defense tactics, as well as the unique system of the national defense and the military and political history of Bulgaria, especially the Russian-Bulgar and the Mongol-Bulgar wars. The materials of the article may be useful for preparation of generalizing monographs on the history of weapons and wars both of the Eastern Europe and Eurasia. The materials can be used by the university teachers at the lectures and workshops, at special courses in military and political history of the Eastern Europe, the history of war and the military art.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".