Reduction of GHG emissions by geological storage of CO<sub>2</sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and characterize a geological storage site at more than 800 m depth that is capable of storing large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the Alberta Basin and is close to a large CO 2 supply. Design/methodology/approach Five criteria are used to select the site: total volume of the pore space of the formation for CO 2 (i.e. capacity); accessibility of the pore space in the storage site to CO 2 (i.e. permeability or injectivity); ability of the storage site to retain the CO 2 once the CO 2 has been injected (i.e. containment); protection of other resources from contamination; and cost of the whole process: capture of the CO 2 , transport and storage (i.e. economics). Findings The Heartland Redwater Leduc Reef is identified as a site that has large capacity, good injectivity, and is an excellent trap. Contamination of the oil in the oil reservoir at the top of the reef (the third largest oil reservoir in Canada) is avoided by co‐optimizing CO 2 storage and oil production. Practical implications The Heartland Redwater Leduc Reef is ideally located at relatively shallow depth (1,000‐1,200 m), has a large amount of residual oil and is close to large CO 2 sources which make it one of the most economically attractive sites in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Originality/value The Heartland Redwater Leduc Reef Saline Aquifer CO 2 Capture and Geological Storage Project (HARP) is investigating the technical and economic feasibility of injecting significant volumes of CO 2 into the large water‐saturated portion of a huge Devonian reef that is capped by a comparatively small oil reservoir, nevertheless the third largest oil pool in Canada. The reef has a total areal extent of nearly 600 km 3 , is more than 1,000 m deep and is up to 275 m thick. Based on the high‐water injectivity in the reef, the potential exists to inject sustainably in excess of 1,000 tonnes of CO 2 per day per well in the aquifer portion of the reef. Preliminary storage capacity estimates for the aquifer are in the order of one gigatonne of CO 2 . The Heartland Redwater Leduc Reef has the combination of a large oil reservoir sitting on top of a much larger local aquifer. This is a unique site for storage in Canada and could be a model for the rest of the world for carbon dioxide capture and storage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".