Bibliographic record
Abstract
The first description of the uterotonic action of pituitary extracts was first described by Sir Henry Dale in 1906(Dale, 1906).A few years later, Ott and Scott demonstrated that besides the effect on uterine activity, posterior pituitary extracts also promoted milk ejection (Ott & Scott, 1910).These are the 2 principal activities of oxytocin (OT), the structure and synthesis of which were not elucidated until 50 years later by Du Vigneaud and co-workers (Du Vigneaud, 1956).OT is mainly produced in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, and released from hypothalamic nerve terminals of the posterior pituitary, where it is stored, into the bloodstreem.OT differs, by only two amino acids, from vasopressin (AVP), which is also produced in these nuclei and stored in the posterior pituitary.It was previously believed that OT as well as AVP were exclusively released from the neurohypophysis although Ott and Scott (Ott & Scott, 1910) reported that the extracts of other tissues such as the corpus luteum, pineal and thymus glands have the same milk-ejecting properties.Early studies associated OT with cardiovascular system Paton and Watson first described the blood pressure (BP) depressor response to posterior pituitary extract in avians (Paton & Watson, 1912).Hogben & Schlapp confirmed their findings and showed the effect of whole posterior pituitary extracts in amphibians and reptiles (Hogben & Schlapp, 1924).Furthermore, this effect was evoked by histamine-free extracts and was therefore a pituitary action.When separated fractions of posterior pituitary extracts obtained by fractional precipitation became available, Gaddum showed that the depressor response was attributable to the only one fraction, called oxytocin, which had oxytocic properties (Gaddum, 1928).These observations were completely overlooked.However, recent studies have shown that OT is an ubiquitous hormone, synthesized at many locis, and a wide array of physiological activities has been attributed to this peptide.Similar numbers of oxytocinergic neurons have been found in the male and female hypothalamus, and the same stimuli induce OT release in both genders, suggesting other physiological functions that its role in female reproduction.In fact, OT receptors (OTR) are also widely expressed in diverse tissues such as the pituitary, kidney, ovary, testis, thymus, heart, vascular endothelium, osteoclasts, myoblasts, pancreatic islets, adipocytes and several types of cancer cells (Gimpl & Fahrenholz, 2001).OT elicits a variety of physiological responses such as complex sexual and maternal behavior.Indeed, OT is also involved in www.intechopen.com
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".