The Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Risk Behaviour: A Systematic Literature Review of High-Risk Groups, with a Focus on South Africa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alcohol has been implicated in the transmission of HIV via unsafe sex in many systematic reviews examining this association. These literature reviews and meta-analyses have varied foci. Baliunas (2010) looked at alcohol consumption and risk for incident HIV. Fischer (2007) and Kalichman ( Woolf-King and Maisto (2011) conducted a narrative literature review that included qualitative and quantitative literature on the link of alcohol and high-risk sexual behaviour in sub-Saharan Africa. Pithey and Parry ( The results included a highrisk group category of shebeen/beerhall patrons and bar and hotel workers. These reviews and the Braithwaite study, while consistently indicating a strong association, do not provide sufficient epidemiological evidence of causality between alcohol use and HIV sero-conversion. They only demonstrate that alcohol is an important correlate of sexual risk behaviour in populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".