Improvement of cell survival by ammonium ions in glutamine‐deprived cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The amino acid L‐glutamine (Gln) is essential to the survival of proliferating cells. How Gln is mechanistically linked to cell survival remains unknown. We wished to determine whether ammonium (NH 4 + ) ions play a role in the survival of Gln‐deprived Sp2/0‐Ag14 (Sp2/0) cells, which undergo apoptosis within minutes of Gln starvation. Supplementation of Gln‐deprived Sp2/0 cultures with NH 4 + chloride led to a significant, concentration‐dependent increase in viability over PBS‐treated control. The addition of 5 mM NH 4 + acetate was more effective in improving viability than 5 mM NH 4 + chloride or 5 mM sodium acetate, suggesting an additive effect between NH 4 + and the organic moiety. Interestingly, the combination of methyl‐pyruvate and NH 4 + chloride did not improve cell viability over NH 4 + chloride alone, suggesting that specific metabolic pathways cooperate with NH 4 + to promote viability. Neither NH 4 + acetate nor NH 4 + chloride prevented caspase‐3 activation or the cytosolic release of cytochrome c, indicating that NH 4 + ions promote survival by interfering with late apoptotic events. This study uncovers an unexpected role for NH 4 + ions in the modulation of cell survival. Funded by NSERC‐Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".