Mr. Garland Goes to Ottawa: Comments on Restitution in Canada through the Lens of Garland v. Consumers' Gas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Consumers' Gas is a wholly owned subsidiary of Enbridge Consumer Gas, a Canadian energy conglomerate that has interests throughout the world. 1 It is one of the largest suppliers and retailers of residential gas in Ontario with annual revenues over $1,767 million and 1.5 million customers.2 Gordon Garland is a customer of Consumers' Gas.Unfortunately, like many consumers, he is sometimes tardy paying his monthly gas bill.Consumers' Gas had a policy of charging late payment penalties (LPP) of 5% of the unpaid monthly bill if not received within 16 days of rendering its bill.Between 1983 and 1994, Mr. Garland paid $75 in late payment penalties.At some point, Mr. Garland realized that where a late payment penalty was imposed, but the actual bill and late penalty was paid within 38 days, the effective interest rate on the late payment was above 60% per annum.Under Canada's Criminal Code, it is an offense to "receive a payment or partial payment or interest at a criminal rate." 3 A "criminal rate" is defined as an effective annual rate that exceeds 60% per annum.4 On outward appearances, it would appear that Consumers' Gas was guilty of an offense, and that such LLP payments were illegal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.044 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.045 | 0.023 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".