Protein Kinases: Physiological Roles in Cell Signalling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract By catalysing reversible phosphorylation of their substrates, protein kinases play pleiotropic roles in cells and act as predominant arbiters in the coordination of cellular responses to their environment. Despite large variation in biological functions between kinases, there is great structural conservation across the human kinome. Besides structural aspects, substrate specificity relies on dynamic factors such as concentration, activity and localisation. This article discusses these fundamental aspects of protein kinases as related to cellular signalling while also taking note of the less commonly discussed members of the class such as pseudokinases and ectokinases. The complexity of signalling networks is demonstrated by a discussion on the crosstalk involved between the metabolic and signal transduction pathways. By having roles in such processes as cell growth, proliferation and death, protein kinases are at the centre of the regulation of the cell and therefore also at the heart of many human diseases when dysregulated. Key Concepts Protein kinases are enzymes that catalyse the phosphorylation of a protein substrate. Reversible phosphorylation is a key feature of cellular signalling. There are some highly conserved structural motifs across the human kinome despite great differences in biological functions. Activation of a kinase is dependent upon assembly of the regulatory spine. Structural and dynamic factors contribute to substrate selectivity. Kinases are present both within the cell and in extracellular spaces (ectokinases). Crosstalk with other post‐translational modifications and between other pathways makes protein kinases participants in nearly every physiological process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".