Motivation and Goal Orientations of Master Games Participants in Hong Kong
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Historically, sociologically, politically, culturally and now medically, sport and physical activity has a long history of contributing the overall evolution and positive growth of the human species (Bloom, Grant, & Watt, 2005). More recently a very strong body of evidence has been developed support the theory that regular physical activity contributes the overall health of the human species throughout the lifecycle-from childhood old age, supporting the old adage that it is never too early nor too late participate in sport and physical activity (Shepherd, 1995, Levy, 1998; Galloway & Jokl, 2000; Colcombe & Krame, 2003, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Furthermore, physical inactivity has serious health, economic and political implications in a world where health is at the core of a vibrant and prosperous society (Commonwealth of Australia, 2000; Conference Board of Canada, 2005). As the population of older adults in developed nations is increasing, well and successful active aging programs have become a critical area of scientific study related geriatric health care (Graves, 2002). In Hong Kong, the proportion of population aged 35 64 and above 65 has increased from 28.3% and 3.2% in 1961 46.6 % and 12.8% in 2009 respectively (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department, 2010). and physical activities play such an important role in keeping the ever aging population healthy, governments at levels, pay more attention and efforts promote the concept on Sport for all the general public (Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, 2005; Cheung, 2009). For the past twelve years, the Leisure and Cultural Services Department has been organizing the Master Games promote a physically active lifestyle for Hong Kong citizens. The emphasis of these games has been on participation and enjoyment rather than winning prizes (Leisure and Cultural Services Department, 2004). However, it also happened that there was very limited research conducted on investigating the motivations underlying participation among individuals aged 35 and above taking part in the Master games. However, if we hope understand why Hong Kong people participate in sport and physical activity while other become couch potatoes and strain the health care system, motivational research of this kind is badly needed. Therefore, this study was designed investigate these critical motivational determinants behind the participants in the Master Games in Hong Kong. Motivations in Sports Motivation comes from the Latin word movere which means to move and it is the energy or intensity underlying behavior (Carron, 1980). Motivation refers those personality factors, social variables, or cognitions that come into play, enter into competition attain some standard of excellence. Gill, Gross and Huddleston (1983) had identified the motivations into eight main factors, which were achievement/ status, team atmosphere, fitness, energy release, skill development, affiliation/ friendship, fun and miscellaneous (e.g. like use the equipment). Researchers stated that enjoyment, interest and competence motives were the internal factors which played an important role in motivating individuals participate in sports (Scanlan, Stein & Ravizza, 1989a, 1989b; and Frederick & Ryan, 1993). Scanlan, Stein and Ravizza, (1989b) found that social and life opportunities (affiliation/friendship motive) and social recognition (factor of achievement/ status) were the other important factors motivate people take part in physical activity. Goal Orientations in Sports The Achievement goal theory was originally developed explain educational achievement. This theory was widely applied in the context of sport and exercise researches (Lavallee, Kremer, Moram, & Williams, 2004). The two main achievement goals (task goal orientation and ego goal orientation) are the factors which determine a person's motivation (Weinberg & Gould, 2003). …
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".