Arachidonic acid activation of intratumoral steroid synthesis during prostate cancer progression to castration resistance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: De novo androgen synthesis and subsequent androgen receptor (AR) activation has recently been shown to contribute to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression. Herein we provide evidence that fatty acids (FA) can trigger androgen synthesis within steroid starved prostate cancer (CaP) tumor cells. METHODS: Tumoral FA and steroid levels were assessed by GC-MS and LC-MS, respectively. Profiles of genes and proteins involved in FA activation of steroidogenesis were assessed by fluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry, microarray expression profiling and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: In human CaP tissues the levels of proteins responsible for FA activation of steroid synthesis were observed to be altered during progression to CRPC. Further investigating this mechanism in LNCaP cells, we demonstrate that specific FA, arachidonic acid, is synthesized in an androgen-dependent and AR-mediated manner. Arachidonic acid is known to induce steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in steroidogenic cells. When bound to hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), StAR shuttles free cholesterol into the mitochondria for downstream conversion into androgens. We show that arachidonic acid induces androgen production in steroid starved LNCaP cells coincidently in the same conditions that HSL and StAR are predominantly localized in the mitochondria. Furthermore, their activities are verified by a functional increase in mitochondrial uptake of cholesterol in this steroid starved environment. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that this characterized arachidonic acid induced steroidogenesis mechanism significantly contributes to the activation of AR in CRPC progression and therefore recommend that fatty acid pathways be targeted therapeutically in progressing CaP.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".