The Geomorphic Settings of Known Archaeological Sites in the Lower Grand River Valley, Ottawa County, Michigan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To predict undiscovered archaeological sites in the Lower Grand River, we mapped known archaeological sites using color and infrared aerial photos, digital raster graphics, and digital elevation models. We interpreted the geomorphic settings of sites using this preliminary geographic information system. We found both spatial and temporal patterns in site location. The Lower Grand River valley is cut into Quaternary glacial sediments that formed in front of the retreating Laurentide ice sheet roughly ~16,000 to 13,000 years before present (B.P.). The first inhabitants were the Paleo-Indian culture, which occupied the valley ~11,000 B.P. The following Archaic period spans from ~10,000 to 5,000 B.P. Between ~6,000 and 5,000 B.P., a transgression inundated much of the Lower Grand River Valley. By ~4,000 B.P., Lake Michigan had reached its current level, resulting in down cutting of the Grand River. The evidence for this is a stream terrace at elevations between 590 and 610 feet a.m.s. For the last 4,000 years, the base level of the river has stayed relatively the same, and lake levels have fluctuated by about two meters. The following Woodland (~3,000 to 400 B.P.) and Historic periods had a climate similar as present. The frequency of sites in the valley decreases from higher elevations to lower elevations. The majority of the sites are from the Woodland and Historic periods, and they occupy all surfaces. Most sites are associated with resource gathering and camps, while larger, more permanent occupations are located on alluvial surfaces within the valley.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".