Game time environmental conditions and concussion rate in college football (884.28)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A central function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is to limit brain impact against the bony interior surface of the skull during jarring movements. Dehydration of approximately 2% of total body volume can reduce CSF volume by 10%. In prolonged competition, especially in hot, humid conditions, athletes commonly reach or exceed this level of dehydration, potentially reducing the brain’s natural cushioning system and increasing the susceptibility to impact concussion injury. Moreover, protective athletic equipment may lose its effectiveness in the extremes of heat or cold. It is unknown, however, whether the frequency of concussion is impacted by typical environmental conditions experienced during the college football season. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to observe the relationship between game time environmental conditions and the incidence of reported concussion during Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) NCAA football games. METHODS: Reported concussions (420) during competition and game time (i.e. within 30 min of game start) temperature (T), humidity (H) and wind speed (WS) were collected from publicly available data for 3645 FBS NCAA football games for the 5 year period 2008‐2012. Indoor (dome) games (82 games, 8 concussions) and games for which hourly weather data could not be found (106 games, 8 concussions) were not included in the analysis. Environmental conditions were binned prior to frequency analysis. RESULTS: Game concussion frequency was not significantly related to T, H or WS and not related to environmental extremes (i.e. heat index or wind chill). CONCLUSION: Environmental conditions do not impact concussion frequency in college football.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".