Cross‐roads in type‐2 diabetes: role of the heme oxygenase system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is a model of insulin resistance and essential hypertension. A major cause of insulin resistance type‐2 diabetes is adiponectin deficiency and/or elevated angiotensin‐II activity. The interaction between angiotensin‐II, adiponectin and the heme oxygenase (HO) system in diabetes is reported. Administering the HO inducer, hemin to adult SHR lowered blood pressure (202.4±3 vs. 138.6±2 mmHg, p<0.01) and reduced fasting glucose (7.8±0.1 vs. 5.45±0.03 mmol/L, p<0.01) for up to 5 months after stoppage of therapy (139.4±2. vs. 199.6±2 mmHg, p<0.01) and (5.6±0.2 vs. 6.7±0.1 mmol/L, p<0.01). Interestingly, hemin therapy increased adiponectin activity at gene and plasma levels (2.4±0.1 vs. 5.6±0.01 μg/ml, p<0.01) while angiotensinogen mRNA and plasma angiotensin‐II were abated (254.8±66.7 vs. 13.6±2.9 pg/ml, p<0.05). Since angiotensin‐II inhibits the differentiation of adipogenic cells, its abrogation by hemin enhanced adiponectin and improved insulin sensitivity. Thus, in hemin‐treated SHR, low glucose levels were coupled to increased insulin production (0.42±0.02 vs.1.76±0.08 μg/ml, p<0.01). Since insulin resistance is characterized by elevated oxidative and inflammatory insults, the HO system would suppress these insults by generating carbon monoxide, bilirubin/biliverdin with anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects. Interestingly, the antioxidant capability of the HO system would be potentiated by increased synthesis of ferritin from iron to prevent the oxidative destruction of adiponectin. (Supported by Heart & Stroke Foundation of Saskatchewan, Canada)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".