Impact of Ferroresonance on protective relays in Manitoba Hydro 230 kV electrical network
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Catastrophic circumstances and equipment failures in electrical networks are mostly caused by emerging unidentified phenomena. Resonance and Ferroresonance are those phenomena, which have been investigated since, many years ago. Manitoba Hydro 230 kV electrical network has experienced Ferroresonant states several times. Such conditions may occur in effect of short circuit, breaker phase failure, transformer energizing, load rejection, accidental or scheduled line disconnection, and plant outage. One of the significant consequences of resonant and Ferroresonant states can be an apparent mis-operation or tripping some protective devices and inaccurate operation of instrument transformers. In this paper by means of PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software, Ferroresonant states are analyzed in Manitoba Hydro 230 kV network. Ferroresonant states are classified in to adequate modes by Ferroresonance detection tools, furthermore; kinds of protective relays subjected to Ferroresonance are simulated in the power network, and operation of relays is assessed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".