Off-Throttle Turning Performance of Personal Watercraft for Accident Reconstruction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lack of operator control during off-throttle steering probably has contributed to many personal watercraft (PWC) collisions. Most PWCs are not equipped with any type of off-throttle steering devices. In this study, the average off-throttle steering trajectories were investigated for four commercially available PWCs at a test speed of 30 mph. An add-on device was tested on one of the PWCs to determine whether off-throttle turning performance could be improved. The off-throttle performance of a 16 ft runabout with a 140 hp outboard motor was also tested for comparison. The watercraft were tested according to the SAE J2608 Recommended Practice, Off-Throttle Steering Capabilities of Personal Watercraft. The trajectories of these watercraft were quantified in an off-throttle steering maneuver. These trajectories can be used as a guideline to reconstruct PWC accidents. The off-throttle turning capabilities of the test watercraft can be classified into two categories: those with effective off-throttle turning capability and those without effective off-throttle turning capability. Results showed that PWCs not equipped with an off-throttle steering device had virtually no turning capabilities. PWCs with off-throttle steering devices demonstrated substantially enhanced turning capabilities. The runabout also demonstrated superior off-throttle steering performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".