GAL4 causes developmental defects and apoptosis when expressed in the developing eye of Drosophila melanogaster.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The UAS/GAL4 ectopic expression system is widely used in Drosophila melanogaster for the overexpression of transgenes. This system operates under the assumption that the yeast transcription factor, GAL4, is inactive in D. melanogaster. Thus, GAL4 can be expressed under the control of D. melanogaster -specific promoters with little effect upon the organism. We have shown that expression of GAL4 in the developing eye under the control of the glass multiple reporter (GMR) promoter element does have an effect on eye development. Although GMR-GAL4 heterozygotes appear normal when raised at 25 degrees C, the homozygotes have a highly disorganized ommatidial array. In addition, the levels of apoptosis in the third-instar larval eye imaginal disc (where GAL4 is expressed) are slightly higher in GMR-GAL4 heterozygotes, and much higher in GMR-GAL4 homozygotes when compared to wild type discs. The morphological eye defects caused by GMR-GAL4 are significantly enhanced when flies are raised at 29 degrees C (presumably due to the higher activity of GAL4 at this temperature); however, the levels of apoptosis appear to be similar at these two temperatures. Taken together, these data suggest that GAL4 can have adverse effects on D. melanogaster development, especially at high expression levels. In addition, GAL4 appears to induce apoptosis even in the absence of any visible morphological defects. Thus, despite the benefits of the UAS/GAL4 ectopic expression system, one must use caution in the design and interpretation of experiments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".