Bibliographic record
Abstract
It sometimes appears that the very possibility of a given case usage depends on the lexical content of the declined nominal.For instance, in Polish the prepositionless instrumental can easily mark the time substantive noc 'night' in sentences such as Przyszli nocQ 'They came at/by night-INsTSG' or Pracuje nocami 'He works at night-'NsTPL' but it is impossible to find it on the substantive dzien 'day' in the same or similar context.When used in an adverbial of time, the instrumental form of dzien occurs only in some set phrases, such as dzien za dniem 'day in, day out-INST SG' or dniami i nocami 'days-INsT PL and nights'.Confronted with certain case uses in Slavic, linguists have often been forced to conclude that it is virtually impossible to separate the grammatical meaning of a case from the lexical content of the case-marked nominal.Commenting on the meaning of the Russian instrumental in his 1936 classic 'Beitrag zur allgemeinen Kasuslehre', Jakobson (1936 [1990: 357]) states, supporting his observation with examples taken from the poetry of Majakovskij, that 'everything other than peripheral status is given in individual uses of the instrumental by the actual meaning of its referent and by the context, but not by the case form' (my emphasis).In her 1993 book on the semantics of the Czech dative and the Russian instrumental, written from the cognitive semantics perspective of Langacker and his followers, Janda (1993: 142) observes that cognitive linguistics appreciates 'the role of syntactic structure and lexical choice (my emphasis) in disambiguation of Sciences Humaines, 45-50.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".