Distribution of Hypertrophy and Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Children and Adolescents with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: While well characterized in adult patients, the pattern of hypertrophy and the extent of myocardial scarring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are insufficiently known. The aim of this study was to assess the hypertrophy patterns and the prevalence and clinical significance of scars in the hearts of young patients with HCM. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective analysis of the imaging findings of 38 children (aged 12.83 ± 2 years, 30 males) with HCM who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) was performed. In addition to left ventricular mass and volumes, the examinations were assessed for the pattern of hypertrophy and presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). A myocardial signal intensity ≥6 standard deviations above the mean of normal myocardium defined positive LGE. Left ventricular mass index averaged 110 ± 34 g/m(2) . Nineteen children (50%) had diffuse septal, 13 (34%) diffuse concentric and 6 (16%) isolated basal hypertrophy. Seven children (18%) had LGE. Patients with LGE had a greater left ventricular mass index than those without (136 ± 34 g/m(2) vs. 104 ± 31 g/m(2) , P = .025). The only two patients who presented with an episode of aborted sudden cardiac death had LGE (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: The most common hypertrophy pattern in children with HCM was diffuse septal hypertrophy. The incidence of LGE observed is lower than that reported in adults. The presence of LGE appears to confer a risk for adverse events.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".