Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Multicellularity has evolved multiple times, independently, in lineages from all three domains of life. The transition from a unicellular to a multicellular life‐style entails the integration of previously independent individuals into a new kind of individual. The emergence of individuality at the higher level requires the evolution of cooperative and altruistic behaviours, division of labour (including the separation of reproductive and somatic activities among cells), the reorganisation of basic life properties (such as immortality and totipotency), and the reorganisation of fitness (with cells specialising in one or the other fitness components – survival or reproduction). At a more mechanistic level, a new genotype–phenotype map has to be created to reflect the emergence of a new kind of individual. Notably, many traits associated with multicellularity appear to have involved the co‐option of genes and pathways already present in unicellular lineages. The evolution of multicellularity has been driven by a combination of selective pressures, developmental constraints and life history trade‐offs specific to each lineage. Key Concepts: The transition from a unicellular to a multicellular life‐style constitutes a transition in individuality, a process whereby a group of previously independent individuals become stably integrated into a new functional, physiological and reproductively autonomous and indivisible evolutionary unit – that is, a new individual. The successful integration of previously independent individuals into a new kind of individual requires the evolution of cooperative and altruistic behaviours, division of labour, the reorganisation of basic life properties, and the reorganisation of fitness. Multicellularity has evolved independently in at least 25 lineages from all three domains of life. The evolution of multicellularity has been driven by a combination of selective pressures, developmental constraints and life history trade‐offs specific to each lineage. Many traits associated with multicellularity involved the co‐option of genes and pathways already present in unicellular lineages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".